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ePaper created 2017-03-17, 12:41:55 | version 1.38.0
industry | Fig. 1: Ultrasound obtained human bone specimen (H&E x100). Fig. 2: Ultrasound obtained human bone specimen (H&E x400). Fig. 3: Laser obtained human bone specimen (H&E x100). Fig. 4: Laser obtained human bone specimen (H&E x400). laser 1 2017 23 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 (Bio-Optica®, Italy). The microscopic observations were performed by pathologist in a blind manner un- der optical microscope (Olympus®, Japan) at magni- fications of x100 and x400. The histomorphological evaluation included groups of observation: 1. border configuration/margins quality; 2. presence of debris fragments; 3. thermal damage/carbonisation. All the sixty bone fragments were investigated ac- cording to the above-mentioned histological criteria. Results The histomorphological findings in both groups (30 specimens for each) are summarised in Table 1. Discussion Osteotomes, technical characteristics and princi- ples of action determine their biological effects re- ported in different trials on laboratory animals. Based on extensive studies, fundamental differences be- tween humans and animals in bone morphology and physiology were proved.11 These publications led our team to verify on human bone in real-time proce- dures, the tissue changes following osteotomy per- formed by ultrasound- and Er:YAG-laser and to com- pare them to the ones reported in animals. Ultrasound obtained specimen from human bone Ultrasonic devices work through mechanical waves within frequencies of approximately 25–30 kHz created by the piezoelectric effect.8 Bone cutting is performed by vibrations of lineally oscillating move- ments within 20–80 microns. Exactly these para- meters establish the micro-precision of the ultra- sound-assisted osteotomy and its effects only on mineralised tissues as well as the depth of insertion into them.8,12 Histologically, in vivo ultrasound ob- tained specimens from human lower jaw showed sharp margins1,6,7 corresponding to these observed by Romeo et al. in their in vitro study on fresh porcine mandibles (Figs. 1 & 2).1 Meanwhile, the configuration of the cutting area on the investigated bioptata was irregular with clearly detectable layer of bone debris attached to the main fragment (Figs. 1 & 2). No signs of morphology alteration were detected during the collection of human bone chips. All examined in vivo ultrasound obtained specimens revealed a preserved microstructure (Figs. 1 & 2). The open vascular canals observed were likely to improve nutrition during the early healing phase of the bone repair sequence as re- ported by Sohn DS et al.7 Based on the histopatholog- ical findings established in the presented study and the non-complicated postoperative period in our pa- tients, we confirmed that ultrasound-assisted bone Fig. 3 Fig. 4