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ePaper created 2017-12-06, 12:03:50 | version 1.38.0
| events Fig. 2 Fig. 3 However, it seems that the risks of inserted titanium implants still remain underestimated. Titanium debris from the implant surface as result of frictional wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) has been known for decades. Side effects from the incorporation of micro- and nanoparticles in biological systems has been mostly ignored, as titanium is widely considered to be inert. The chemically active metal ions or parti- cles released from an implant surface, may bind to the surrounding tissues but may also bind to proteins, and be disseminated to distant organs in the vascular and lymphatic systems. In addition, the lecturers’ studies in experimental animal models demonstrated a deposition of titanium microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) and the presence of a tissue response to these particle depos- its. The development of special immune assays in the past ten years gave an insight into previously un- known immunological effects resulting from tita- nium wear debris. Histoimmunological stainings of peri-implant hard- and soft-tissue impressively con- firm the presence of immune cells like macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes reacting to disseminated tita- nium particles. In this regard, research in human samples has shown the presence of titanium particles in: – peri-implant tissue around failed human dental implants – oral mucosa in contact with implant cover screws – cells exfoliated from peri-implant oral mucosa around titanium dental implants – reactive lesions in the peri-implant mucosa Local, as well as systemic immunological re- sponses, by proliferation of phagocytosing cells and subsequent liberation of proinflammatory cytokines have been verified through specific laboratory im- mune assays. In this regard, results obtained in the clinical study confirmed a statistically significant higher amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine release in patients with failed implants than in those with Fig. 2: During the exhibition, participants could examine some of the industry’s most advanced and innovative tools and techniques. Fig. 3: In another workshop, Dr Boutros offered practical exercises in implant bone management. Fig. 4: Dr Alessandro Pozzi talked about “How to maximise function and aesthetics with a tilted minimally-invasive approach”. Fig. 4 58 implants 4 2017