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I C.E. article_ microscopes binoculars were introduced for better ergonomics. Magnetic arrest functions (clutch) are available for increased stability, particularly for microscopes with several documentation ports and attachments. The practitioner can choose from a variety of light sources. The traditional standard is still halogen (yel- lowish hue, peak at 600-700 nm, ~3300K) and the brightest option is xenon (like daylight, homogene- ous spectrum 400-700 nm, ~5500K), making it most useful for the identification of fine details in deeper areas of the root canal system and documentation. Recently LED lights (green part of emission spectrum, low at 450 nm and 550 nm, ~5700K) became avail- able and offer a significantly longer lifetime, how- ever, at a reduced brightness compared with xenon. _Case study Mandibular right first molar. Nonsurgical root canal treatment had been completed five years ago. Originally, a new crown restoration had been planned. However, the periapical radiograph re- vealed periradicular radiolucencies (periapical and in the furcation area) (Fig. 7). The patient received a recommendation to extract the tooth due to the bone loss in the furcation. There were no symptoms, and periodontal prob- ing depths were within normal limits, suggesting an endodontic problem as the origin of the furcation defect. Nonsurgical retreatment was initiated. The clinical image shows the previously treated four ca- nals with infected gutta-percha filling (Fig. 8). Under high magnification, a furcation canal (Fig. 9, arrow) and a third distal canal (Fig. 10) were located. The post-operative radiograph shows the re- treated tooth with five main canals (Fig. 11). The one-year follow-up radiograph demonstrates the complete resolution of the periradicular radiolucen- cies and permanent restoration of the tooth (Fig. 12). _Conclusion The dental operating microscope has become an integral part of endodontic practice. For both nonsurgical and surgical endodontic therapy it is indispensable for excellency. Besides the obvious benefits for clinical practice, evidence has become available that demonstrates better outcomes com- pared with treatment without vision enhancement or magnifying eyewear. Treatment rendered using the dental operating microscope results in superior care for patients, and modern endodontic therapy is more effective because of its use._ This article originally appeared in ENDODONTICS: Colleagues for Excellence, Winter 2016. Reprinted with permission from the American Association of Endodontists, ©2016. The AAE clinical newsletter is available at www.aae.org/colleagues. The following exclusive online bonus materials associated with this article are also available at www. aae.org/colleagues: •Full-textarticle:MoneaM,HantoiuT,StoicaA, Sita D, Sitaru A. The impact of operating microscope on the outcome of endodontic treatment performed by postgraduate students. Eur Sci J. 2015;305-311. •Full-textarticle:SetzerFC,ShahS,KohliM,Ka- rabucakB,KimS.OutcomeOfEndodonticSurgery:A Meta-AnalysisOfTheLiterature-Part1:Comparison Of Traditional Root- End Surgery And Endodontic Microsurgery.JEndod.2010;36:1757-1765. •Full-textarticle:SetzerFC,KohliM,ShahS,Ka- rabucakB,KimS.OutcomeofEndodonticSurgery:A Meta-analysisoftheLiterature-Part2:Comparison of Endodontic Microsurgical Techniques With and WithouttheUseofHigherMagnification.JEndod. 2012;38:1-10. A complete list of references is available from the publisher, and also at www.aae.org/colleagues. _about the author roots Frank C. Setzer, DMD, PhD, MS, is a diplomate of the American Board of Endo- dontists, and an assistant professor at the Depart- ment of Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. He teaches undergraduate students and post-doctoral residents. Setzer specializes in root canal therapy, trauma and surgical root canal procedures. He received his first dental degree from the Dental School of the Friedrich- Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, in 1995, where he also received his doctoral degree in 1998. He pursued his endodontic specialty training at the University of Pennsylvania after working for nine years in a multi- specialist private practice as associate and partner. Setzer graduated from the endodontic program of the University of Pennsylvania in 2006, receiving the Louis I Grossman Postdoctoral Award in Endodontics. He earned a master of science in oral biology and a DMD degree in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Setzer is teaching as clinic director and pre-doctoral program director at the Department of Endo- dontics of the University of Pennsylvania. Setzer lectures frequently nationally and internationally, has published in peer-reviewed journals and serves, among others, as the associate editor for endodontics for Quintessence Inter- national and on the editorial advisory board of the Journal of Endodontics and the Journal of the American Dental Association. He can be contacted at fsetzer@upenn.edu. 10 I roots 1_ 2018