| opinion In late 2019, we opened the Digital Design and Milling Center, a state-of-the-art facility featuring chairside digital technologies including scanners, design computers, mill- ing machines and ceramic furnaces. In this center, there is a designated dental technician who assists dental students with the design and fabrication of restorations. Novel learning technologies and pedagogies that recog- nise students’ learning styles and preferences are also part of the digital innovation initiative. The PDM learning technol- ogy team, which I founded and supervise, includes curricu- lum designers and learning technology experts. The team is responsible for the development of blended e-learning/ online curricula and continuing education courses, digital course manuals (iBooks), videos and modules for blended learning, examination software, MOOCs (massive open on- line courses) and “gamification” tools and for the integration of AI, virtual reality and haptic technologies. Virtual reality dental training simulators have been part of our educational programmes for many years. The use of our Digital Design and Milling Center has been tremendous and exceeded even my wildest expectations. In fact, we are now fabricating between 70 and 80% of single-unit restorations from our student clinics with chairside CAD/CAM technology! What are some of the state-of-the-art tools, tech- niques or software that you’re using in the School of Dental Medicine, and how do they facilitate your work and that of your students? The laboratory-based CAD/CAM Ceramic Center features multiple face and model scanners, three industrial five-axis milling machines that can mill a full spectrum of materials and types of restorations, and multiple sinter furnaces. There are several computer stations with professional 3D design- ing software that can design and fabricate pretty much any type of restoration, from single-units to tooth- and implant- supported full-mouth reconstructions. The centerpiece is newly developed virtual treatment planning software that produces digital wax-ups in a timely and predictable manner. “AI will soon become critical in aesthetic and functional planning and design and material selection, customised for each patient.” You’ve been actively involved in the initiative since Day One and have contributed greatly to its success. What are you most proud of, and did it live up to your expectations? Definitely, I am most proud of our great team, staff, faculty and students. Despite initial hesitations about digitalising our workflows, undergoing intense training helped us realise that these tools make our work easier and more predictable. You cannot push people into digital dentistry, but you can show them why and how to use it and what the real benefits are. It appears that the COVID-19 pandemic has given digi- tal dentistry, especially chairside restoration fabrication, a great boost. In order to limit the number of times one has to change protective gear and clean the treatment area, dental professionals now carry out more procedures in one longer appointment. This means that it is now possible to fabricate indirect restorations in one such appointment. Additionally, the reduction of laboratory expenses is signif- icant. However, the clinician can still choose to send the intra-oral scan files to an outside laboratory, so all previous options are still available. The Digital Design and Milling Center for in-office CAD/ CAM technologies features 12 design computers and various software programs for planning, designing and milling restorations. There are ten high-speed milling ma- chines and eight ceramic furnaces for firing and finishing restorations. Students learn to select, mill and finish the materials for their patients’ restorations. Currently, we have 17 intra-oral optical scanners throughout the school’s clin- ics, and we are expecting to receive more equipment soon, some of it updated. Our goal is to scan every patient who comes to our clinics and to eliminate preliminary alginate impressions for the diagnostic cast. To that end, both centers are equipped with new 3D printers. We also incorporate digital files into elec- tronic health records. This has various advantages, includ- ing the space-saving storage of diagnostic models and the fabrication of an identical restoration in the event of failure. As a university that distinctly focuses on the sciences, all of the above facilities, tools, workflows and materials are being heavily used for research. Our studies cover the entire spec- trum of modern restorative dentistry and CAD/CAM technol- ogy, with a special focus on the physical, optical and biologi- cal properties as well as the manufacturing of new materials. Students and residents engage greatly in our research ac- tivities, as evidence-based dentistry plays an integral role in our education, training, treatment planning and clinical care. When entering our programmes, every student receives an iPad already equipped with the necessary documents, ap- plications, software and files. One of these applications is dedicated to digital smile design in order to allow students to learn about dental and facial aesthetic parameters and, ultimately, include these in the treatment planning process, so that they are able to share planned smile designs and 10 2 2021