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I n d i v i d u a l i z e d t i t a n i u m s c a f f o l d s augmentation techniques. This would be of interest for future studies. Therefore, further prospective long-term and randomized con- trolled clinical trials in larger patient cohorts are of interest to provide more evidence for improved clinical outcomes using the iCTS in comparison with other techniques. Competing interests Data analysis by an independent statistician was supported by a grant from Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests. Conclusion Ethical approval and informed consent The results of this study suggest that applica- tion of an iCTS with an equal mixture of autoge- nous bone and DBBM offers a reliable grafting technique with low sensitivity to wound dehis- cence. Prevalence of dehiscence was not influ- enced by the demographic or surgical parame- ters analyzed. This retrospective study was performed without any further consequences for the patient. According to this and the hospital laws of the individual states (Krankenhauslandesgesetz von RLP), no approval by the local ethics committee is necessary. Furthermore, for this type of study, formal consent is not required. References 1. Barker D. Implant assessment. → Dent Update. 2012 Mar;39(2):128–32, 134. 2. Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza Edos S. Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. → Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015 Mar;44(3):377–88. 3. Buser D, Martin W, Belser UC. Optimizing esthetics for implant restorations in the anterior maxilla: anatomic and surgical considerations. → Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19 Suppl:43–61. 4. Rasia-dal Polo M, Poli PP, Rancitelli D, Beretta M, Maiorana C. Alveolar ridge reconstruction with titanium meshes: a systematic review of the literature. → Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014 Nov;19(6):e639–46. 5. Troeltzsch M, Troeltzsch M, Kauffmann P, Gruber R, Brockmeyer P, Moser N, Rau A, Schliephake H. Clinical efficacy of grafting materials in alveolar ridge augmentation: a systematic review. → J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016 Oct;44(10):1618–29. 6. Hämmerle CH, Araújo MG, Simion M; Osteology Consensus Group 2011. Evidence-based knowledge on the biology and treatment of extraction sockets. → Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:80–2. 7. Maiorana C, Santoro F, Rabagliati M, Salina S. Evaluation of the use of iliac cancellous bone and anorganic bovine bone in the reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla with titanium mesh: a clinical and histologic investigation. → Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2001 May–Jun;16(3):427–32. 8. Artzi Z, Dayan D, Alpern Y, Nemcovsky CE. Vertical ridge augmentation using xenogenic material supported by a configured titanium mesh: clinicohisto- pathologic and histochemical study. → Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003 May–Jun;18(3):440–6. 9. Sumida T, Otawa N, Kamata YU, Kamakura S, Matsushita T, Kitagaki H, Mori S, Sasaki K, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, Yamaguchi A, Sohmura T, Nakamura T, Mori Y. Custom-made titanium devices as membranes for bone augmentation in implant treatment: clinical application and the comparison with conventional titanium mesh. → J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Dec;43(10):2183–8. 10. Ciocca L, Ragazzini S, Fantini M, Corinaldesi G, Scotti R. Work flow for the prosthetic rehabilitation of atrophic patients with a minimal-intervention CAD/CAM approach. → J Prosthet Dent. 2015 Jul;114(1):22–6. 11. Sagheb K, Schiegnitz E, Moergel M, Walter C, Al-Nawas B, Wagner W. Clinical outcome of alveolar ridge augmentation with individualized CAD-CAM-produced titanium mesh. → Int J Implant Dent. 2017 Dec;3(1):36. doi: 10.1186/ s40729-017-0097-z. 12. Müller HP, Eger T. Gingival phenotypes in young male adults. → J Clin Periodontol. 1997 Jan;24(1):65–71. 13. Hoexter DL, Epstein SB. The Poncho Flap (repositioned perforated attached gingival flap). → Oral Implantol. 1975 Spring;5(4):547–52. 14. Giglio J, Laskin D. Perioperative errors contributing to implant failure. → Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1998;2:197–202. 15. Becker J, Al-Nawas B, Klein MO, Schliephake H, Terheyden H, Schwarz F. Use of a new cross-linked collagen membrane for the treatment of dehiscence- type defects at titanium implants: a prospective, randomized- controlled double-blinded clinical multicenter study. → Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Jul;20(7):742–9. 16. Tal H, Kozlovsky A, Artzi Z, Nemcovsky CE, Moses O. Cross-linked and non-cross-linked collagen barrier membranes disintegrate following surgical exposure to the oral environ- ment: a histological study in the cat. → Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008 Aug;19(8):760–6. 46 Volume 4 | Issue 1/2018 Journal of Oral Science & Rehabilitation