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D4 ◊Page D3 ORTHO TRIBUNE Dental Tribune Middle East & Africa Edition | 4/2017 Fig. 5: The mandibular occlusal view of the treatment sequence is shown over 13 months using Insignia® progressive archwire therapy. The archwire and months of treatment are shown at the top and bottom of each photo. Fig. 6: a: Pre-treatment intraoral photograph: A Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and crowding case is prepared for treatment with Insignia® progressive archwire therapy. b: Post-treatment intraoral photograph: After 10 visits in 15 months, the dentition has been treated to a Class I molar relationship with an ideal overbite, overjet, and alignment. Gingival recontouring is accomplished with a diode laser (green arrow). Fix retainers are bonded on all maxillary incisors, and from canine to canine in the mandibular arch. References 1. Roberts WE, Viecilli RF, Chang CH, Katona TR, Paydar NH. Biology of bi- omechanics: fi nite element analysis of a statically determinate system to rotate the occlusal plane for correc- tion of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:943-955. 2. Johnson E. Selecting custom torque prescriptions for the straight-wire appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:S161-7. 3. Weber DJ 2nd, Koroluk LD, Phil- lips C, Nguyen T, Proffi t WR. Clini- cal effectiveness and effi ciency of customized vs. conventional pread- justed bracket systems. J Clin Orthod 2013;47:261-266. quiz 268. 4. Brown MW, Koroluk L, Ko CC, Zhang K, Chen M, Nguyen T. Effec- tiveness and effi ciency of a CAD/ CAM orthodontic bracket system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:1067-1074. 5. Scholz RP, Sarver DM. Interview with an Insignia® doctor: David M. Sarver. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Or- thop 2009;136:853-856. 6. Tseng LY, Chang CH, Roberts WE. Diagnosis and conservative treat- ment of skeletal Class III malocclu- sion with anterior crossbite and asymmetric maxillary crowding. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;149:555-66. 7. Schwarz AM. Tissue changes inci- dental to orthodontic tooth move- ment. Int J Orthod Oral Surg and Ra- diog 1932;18:331-52. 8. Viecilli RF, Katona TR, Chen J, Harts- fi eld JK Jr, Roberts WE. Three-dimen- sional mechanical environment of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentof- acial Orthop 2008;133:791. e. 11-26. 9. Viecilli RF, Kar-Kuri MH, Varriale J, Budiman A, Janal M. Effects of ini- tial stresses and time on orthodontic external root resorption. J Dent Res 2013;92:346-51. 10. Roberts WE, Arbuckle GR, Analoui M. Rate of mesial translation of mandibular molars using implant- anchored mechanics. Angle Orthod 1996;66(5):331-338. 11. Reitan K. Initial tissue behavior during apical root resorption. Angle Orthod 1974;44(1):68-82. 12. Reitan K. Clinical and histologic observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treat- ment. Am J Orthod 1967;53(10):721- 45. 13. Roberts WE. Bone physiology, metabolism and biomechanics in or- thodontic practice. In: Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, Chapter 10, 5th ed. Graber LW, Va- narsdall RL Jr, Vig KWL (Eds). St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2012. pp. 287-343. 14. Livas C, Jongsma AC, Ren Y. Enam- el reduction techniques in orthodon- tics: a literature review. Open Dent J 2013 Oct 31;7:146-51. 15. Chang CH, Liu SY, Roberts WE. Primary failure rate for 1680 extra- alveolar mandibular buccal shelf mi- niscrews placed in movable mucosa or attached gingiva. Angle Orthod 2015;85:905-910. 16. Lee AS, Chang CH, Roberts WE. Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infra-zygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017 (Submitted). 17. Burstone CJ, Choy K. The biome- chanical foundation of clinical Or- thodontics. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2015.