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B o n e a u g m e n t a t i o n u s i n g p o r o u s (cid:696)-TC PB o n e a u g m e n t a t i o n o f c a n i n e f r o n t a l s i n u s e s u s i n g a p o r o u s (cid:696)-t r i c a l c i u m p h o s p h a te Figs. 1a & b Figs. 1a & b Scanning electron micrograph of porous (cid:696)-TCP particles: (a) low-magnification image; (b) high-magnification image. Ti implant alone. All procedures in this study were approved by the Animal Experiment Com- mittee of Osaka Dental University and con- formed to the Guiding Principles for the Use of Laboratory Animals (approval No. 14-03015). Aseptic surgery was performed under general anesthesia (0.5 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium) with physiological saline cooling and infiltration anesthesia (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride and 1:80,000 epinephrine). The hair from the frontal region was removed, and the skin includ- ing the frontal sinus was incised in the shape of an arc. The skin– periosteal flap was detached, and the anterior wall of the frontal sinus was exposed. Then, an approximately 10 mm wide rectangular opening was made in the anterior wall of the left and right frontal sinuses using a twist drill (Astra Tech, Tokyo, Japan). In addition, porous (cid:696)-TCP particles (2.7 cm3) were filled in this elevation space. The Ti implant was embed- ded at a distance of about 5 mm from the bony window. The anti- inflammatory agent carprofen (Carprodyl VR, Ceva, Libourne, France) was ad- ministered daily for seven days after the surgery. R a d i o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s The maxillae were harvested for examination by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT; SMX- 130CT, Shimadzu). Blocks of bone specimens were mounted on the turntable and scanned at 105 kV and 30 μA. TRI/3D-BON software (RATOC System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) was used to generate a 3-D reconstruction using the volume-rendering method for morphological assessment. In the 3-D analysis, bone volume (BV in mm3) and bone mineral content (BMC in mg) were measured using the TRI/3D-BON soft- ware based on the values obtained. H i s t o l o g i c a l a s s e s s m e n t After fixation with 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, the specimens with the Ti implant were dehydrated in ethanol and then embedded in acrylic resin (Technovit 7200 VLC, Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany). The embedded blocks were trimmed using a cutter and ground using abrasive paper. Thereafter, the sections were further ground to a final thickness of about 30 μm. Finally, the specimens were stained with the Villanueva–Goldner stain and examined under a microscope. Results C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f (cid:696)- T C P p a r t i c l e s Figure 1 shows the electron micrographs of (cid:696)-TCP particles. At low magnification, the (cid:696)-TCP particles had an amorphous body with many small and large pores (Fig. 1a). At high magnifi- cation, the (cid:696)-TCP particles had smooth surfac- es with a pore diameter of approximately 5–10 μm. The XRD profiles of both intact parti- cles are shown in Figure 1b. The specific peaks of (cid:696)-TCP (indicated by the triangles) were de- tectable in the XRD patterns of both particles (Fig. 2). For XPS, quantitative data of the atom% were obtained from the peak areas derived for O1s, Ca2p, P2p and C1s, from which the Ca/P ratio was calculated and found to be 1.5 (Fig. 3). 46 Volume 3 | Issue 1/2017 Journal of Oral Science & Rehabilitation