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Journal of Oral Science & Rehabilitation 38 Volume 2 | Issue 4/2016 I m p l a n t s u r f a c e s a n d b l a s t e d w i t h t i t a n i u m d i o x i d e m i c r o p a r t i c l e s Groups Reverse torque (N cm) BIC (%) Coefficient of correlation Mean ± SD Median Mean ± SD Median Control 54.5 ± 10.0 56.5 50.4 ± 7.9 49.5 0.08 Test 71.0 ± 13.4 73.5 64.8 ± 7.4 66.0 0.79 P-value < 0.00001* 0.0005* * Between-group comparisons (Wilcoxon’s test; significance level: p < 0.05). Fig. 9 Histological images showing bone maturation and the BIC after four weeks. There was visibly better stimulation of the medullary bone portion in the T group in comparison to the C group (yellow arrows). Table 1 Mean ± SD and median (reverse torque and BIC%) values at baseline and at eight weeks. Fig. 9 Table 1 sequentstressdissipationduringfunctionalload- ing.25, 26 Histological investigations have shown that the surface texture created by blasting leads to greater BIC than that of machined surfaces,27 which is a desirable response, as it allows impro- vement of the overall biomechanics of the system.Blastingtheimplantsurfacewithgritting agentsmadeofmaterialsotherthanaluminamay changethesurfacecompositionandimplantbio- compatibility.28 Abrasive blasting increases sur- face roughness and metal surface reactivity.28 With the use of a blasting material such as alu- mina, a potential risk of contamination by rem- nants of blasting particles, with dissolution of aluminum ions into the host tissue, cannot be excluded.28 It has been reported that aluminum ions may inhibit normal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and normal bone depositi- on and mineralization,29–31 and aluminum has been shown to induce net calcium efflux from the cultured bone.32 Moreover, aluminum may compete with calcium during the healing of the implant bed. Aluminum has been shown to ac- C group T group Control 54.5 ± 10.056.550.4 ± 7.949.50.08 Test 71.0 ± 13.473.564.8 ± 7.466.00.79