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studies _ comparison of three methods of therapy I AccordingtoFriedmanandMor,26 theresultsof57 RER studies between 1966 and 2004 are not consis- tent.Theauthorsfoundcompletehealingofbetween 37% and 85% in these studies. It could be concluded that 86–92% would remain asymptomatic. Kirchen27 evaluated 185 RER cases, treated from 1983to1995.Pre-RER,45%werediagnosedwithAP. Ofthecases,171werefilledwithN2orgutta-percha. A clinical check-up was done after an average of 5.6 years. A radiographic check-up was performed after an average of 6.2 years. Complete healing was ob- served in 154 cases (83.2%), scar formation in eleven cases, incomplete healing in 15 cases, and uncertain healing in three cases. Only two cases were regarded asfailures.Nineteethwereextractedafteranaverage of six years. To a large extent, the literature accepts TR as an emergencymeasureonly.However,studies28–35 doex- istthatsystematicallyusedTRasthefinalstepofRCT of non-vital teeth. Sargenti36,37 has called RER obso- lete and recommended replacing RER with TR. He statesthatTRisatherapyalternativeequaltoRERfor endodontic treatment of non-vital teeth, whereas nsRCTshouldberegardedasalesssuccessfulmethod. _Materials and methods The author, who started as a dental practitioner in 1969, used the 1,790 endodontic treatment cases of non-vital anterior teeth and premolars registered in hispatientfilesfrom1985to1999.Ofthese,70cases (3.9%) had not returned to the practice after RCT. Thus,1,720casesremainedforanalysis.Ofthese,743 teeth had been treated by RER, 453 by TR and 524 by nsRCT. The observation period ended in December 2005. The patients came to the practice on their own accord without intentional recall. All of the teeth were treated with a simplified endodontic technique following Sargenti’s N2 method,36,37 which included relative drying, manual canal preparation with reamers in the crown-down technique,optionalradiographicmeasuring,nocanal rinsing, lentulo application of N2 RCF material (paraformaldehydecomponentinpowder,allowinga gaseous canal disinfection), and gutta-percha point concentrationofRCF.ThetargetwasRCFtotheapex. Normally, overfilling was followed by TR or RER. Peri- apical curettage was only performed in the case of massive overfilling. TR and RER were done in the pre- molar area by flap (angle or trapeze cut). A cross-cut Introducing, the all-new dental microscope from CJ-Optik! Love at first sight is coming soon, to an operatory near you! CJ-Optik GmbH & Co. KG Charlotte-Bamberg-Str. 4 35578 Wetzlar Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6441 897-0558 Fax: +49 (0) 6441 897-197 Email: info@cj-optik.de Website: www.cj-optik.de AD Phone: +49 (0) 6441897-0558 Fax: +49 (0) 6441897-197