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hygiene tribune Dental Tribune Middle East & Africa Edition | March-April 20158B < Page 6B > Page 9B and wine-caused enamel color changes; however, the wine led to greater staining than did cof- fee.30 d - Cola Drinks Dark-colored colas not only stain teeth, but also erode tooth enamel and cause tooth decay,31, 32, 33 although a new article found no significant differences in the frequency of the consumption of foods and beverages and the presence of dental erosion.34 Other articles found greater enamel dissolution occurring in flavored and energy (sports) drinks than in cola drinks.35, 36 The influence of coffee, tea, cola, and red wine staining on the color of teeth after home bleaching has been evaluated. A total of 45 samples were ob- tained from 45 sound maxillary central incisors. The samples were immersed in four staining solutions (coffee, tea, cola, and red wine) or artificial saliva. Fol- lowing 15 min and 6 h of immer- sion on the first day and next day of all the staining solutions, the lowest ΔE values were observed with coffee staining versus arti- ficial saliva (control group), for all time intervals evaluated after whitening. There were statisti- cally significant differences be- tween the red wine, cola, and tea solutions.37 A study assessed the influence of surface sealant on the color sta- bility of composite resins. Red wine resulted in the highest level of discoloration. Intermedi- ate values were found for orange juice, and the cola soft drink.38 e - Cranberry Juice Some drinks that may be rela- tively good for health may not be so good for teeth in terms of staining them. Cranberry juice, grape juice and other dark- colored fruit juices are very good at staining teeth because they contain pigments--and lots of them--that can yellow teeth, probably the same way they stain composite resin.39 Cranberry Juice contains po- tential anticaries agents (high- molecular-weight polyphenols) that inhibit the production of or- ganic acids and the formation of biofilms by cariogenic bacteria. The polyphenols of cranberries interfere with various activities (including formation of bio- film and adhesion) of Porphy- romonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent in chronic peri- odontitis.40, 41 In order to avoid these stains, straws should be used and mouthwash followed by tooth brushing should be done. f - Soy Sauce Soy sauce is a condiment made from a fermented paste of boiled soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Asper- gillus sojae molds.42 Iron-fortified foods can help prevent iron deficiency so can iron-fortified soy sauce due to the relatively high iron absorp- tion from soy sauce.43, 44 But soy sauce sticks to teeth, and the deep-colored pigment can cause very bad stains. In a study done by Chan KC, the discoloration of enamel caused by food sub- stances was found to be super- ficial and ingressive for dentin and cementum. Discoloration of cementum exceeded that of dentin, and dentin stained more than enamel. Coffee and soy sauce stained the calcified den- tal tissues more than the cola beverage and tea. The longer the staining time, the deeper was the discoloration.45 g - Balsamic Vinegar Balsamic vinegar is made from grapes and generally consumed in the Mediterranean region. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL)isbelievedtocontributeto atherosclerosis. Studies results showed that balsamic vinegar contained abundant polyphe- nols and inhibited LDL oxida- tion.46, 47 Thus, balsamic vinegar reduces lipotoxicity, and it has an anti-diabetic effect.48 In spite of these health benefits, Balsamic vinegar is deeply pig- mented causing teeth discolora- tion. h - Tomato Sauce Lycopene is the pigment princi- pally responsible for the charac- teristic deep-red color of ripe to- mato fruits and tomato products. Lycopene is a micronutrient with important health benefits, because it contains natural anti- oxidant compounds like pheno- lics hydroxytyrosol and appears to provide protection against a broad range of epithelial can- cers.49, 50 But the tomato sauce is highly acidic and it attaches to the teeth and causes unsightly stains. i - Blueberries Berries are a rich source of a wide variety of non-nutritive, nutritive, and bioactive com- pounds such as flavonoids, phe- nolics, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and tannins, as well as nutritive compounds such as sugars, essential oils, ca- rotenoids, vitamins, and miner- als. Bioactive compounds from berries have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, an- timicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antineurodegenerative properties, both in vitro and in vivo.51 Wild blueberries are rich in polyphenols and have several potential health benefits.52 For example Blueberry extracts may reverse the declines of cogni- tive and behavioral function in the ageing process.53 Anthocya- nin- and proanthocyanidin-rich botanical extracts, present in berries, may alleviate neuro- degeneration in Parkinson׳s disease.54 Polyphenols found in the wild blueberries help in re- ducing the expression of pro-in- flammatory genes in vitro55 and current evidences are promis- ing concerning the role of berry (poly) phenols to support cardio- vascular health.56 Even if the deep berry blue color can cause deep staining, aren’t all the benefits cited above worth staining teeth? 3 - Betel leaf: India,Pakistan The betel (Piper betle or Paan) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, which includes pepper and kava. Ex- plored for their unique medici- nal properties, the leaves of Pip- er betel, an evergreen perennial vine, are a reservoir of phenolics with antimutagenic, antitumor and antioxidant activities.57 It is a compound of natural substances chewed for its psychostimulat- ing effects. Studies showed that oral feeding of betel leaf extract (BLE) significantly inhibited the growth of human prostate.58, 59 It is believed that chewing be- tel quid could reduce stress, strengthen teeth and maintain oral hygiene.60 Approximately 200 million persons chew betel regularly throughout the western Pacific basin and south Asia. There is copious production of a blood- red saliva that can stain oral structures. After years of chew- ing, the teeth may become red- brown to nearly black.61 4 - Liquorice It is a uniquely tasting herb de- rived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, and has been used in medicine